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981.
钾肥对优质面包专用型小麦产量及品质的影响 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
本文研究了在江苏淮北地区不同钾肥用量对优质面包专用型小麦苏徐1号产量的影响,同时通过长期定位试验研究了增施钾肥对苏徐1号产量及品质的影响。钾肥用量试验结果表明,施用钾肥可增加产量8.3%~13 7%,适宜的钾肥用量为90~135kgK2O/hm2,最佳经济钾肥施用量为135.6kgK2O/hm2,其产量为5056.1kg/hm2,长期定位试验结果表明,施用钾肥可提高苏徐1号的商品品质,在长期不施有机肥(厩肥)的情况下,增施钾肥可改善面粉的加工品质,提高其评价值。 相似文献
982.
983.
In Japan, the soils in tea fields are further acidified by heavy application of nitrogen fertilizer. In the long-term fertilizer application fields, available P, total carbon and nitrogen contents had the highest in the Multi-F plot, followed by the 98-D.F plot and the smallest in the 95-D.F plot. Soil enzymes activity had the highest the Multi-F plot. It was estimated that all of the enzyme activity were often corresponded with the results of the organic matter and the available P contents. The number of fungi under acidic condition had the close relation since change of these enzymes activity. It was evident that fungi were participated in carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus metabolism in acid tea field soils. It became clear that the number of fungi and enzymes activity decreased corresponding well with the available P and the organic matter contents depend on fertilization management. Moreover in case of qualities of green tea, generally difference between experimental plots and Multi-F plot were to be small. It was indicated that influence to the yields by curtailment of the amount of nitrogen fertilization was small. 相似文献
984.
Philippe Quevauviller 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2001,1(3):175-180
Single and sequential extraction procedures are often used to study the environmental fate of trace elements from soils and
sediments. Although these schemes are quite popular, they are prone to various sources of errors, which require them to be
thoroughly controlled. Owing to their operationally-defined character, the only way to compare analytical data is to stick
closely to procedures that have been collaboratively studied and written in the form of an operating protocol. Groups of scientists
have hence developed ‘harmonised’ procedures that are used as a reference for fractionation studies. A higher level is the
formal standardisation of the procedures by official standardisation bodies, which also fulfils the need for achieving the
comparability of data obtained by different laboratories from different countries. This paper discusses aspects of harmonisation
(consensus obtained by groups of scientists) and standardisation (adoption of standards as mandated by an international organisation)
as applied to single and extraction schemes for trace element fractionation studies, including quality control aspects. 相似文献
985.
LIU Fan JIE Xiao-Lei ZHOU Dai-Hu Ll Xue-Yuan HE Ji-Zheng XU Feng-Lin WANG Dian-Fen 《土壤圈》1995,5(2):157-162
Chemical forms of the phosphate adsorbed on goethite surfaces and characteristics of the coordinate groups which exchange with P on goethite surfaces in solutions with different pll values were investigated.Results showed that the chemical forms of P on goethite surfaces changed from the dominance of monodentate corrdination to that of bidentate one with increasing pH of the solution.By influencing types of phosphate ions in solutions,pH affected the chemical forms of P on goethite surfaces,The amount of OH^- displaced by phosphae on goethite surfaces was the most at pH 7.0,the second at pH 9.0,and the least at pH 4.5. 相似文献
986.
The phosphate in the soil-root interface zone under various soil water contents and application rates of phosphate was still of depletion distribution which could be described by a power function in the form of C/Co= axb(C/Co is the relative content of fertilized phosphate in a distance from the root surface x, a and b are the regression constants). The depletion rate of phosphate in soil near the root surface was higher and the depletion range was narrower under lower soil moisture. On the contrary, at higher soil water content the depletion range was wider, generally. The application rate of phosphate led to the greater depletion intensity of phosphorus was higher in the heavier texture soils. In general, the depletion intensity in the soils, which decreased with increasing clay content or increasing buffering power of soil, decreased in the order as loessal soil and black lou soil > lou soil > yellow cinnamon soil when 50 or 100 mg of phosphorus were applied in the form of KH2PO4. This result indicated that the phosphate distribution and its movement in the soil-root interface zone closely related with the buffering capacity of soil. 相似文献
987.
Effect of fertilizer application on methane emission/production in the paddy soils of Taiwan 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Methane production in three types of rice paddy soil was investigated under greenhouse conditions. The amount of methane
produced during the first crop season (March to July) was 2–6 times higher than that in the second crop season (August to
December). Application of organic fertilizer hastened the drop in redox potential and increased methane production and emission.
Methane production also increased with the depth of soil with high values in soil samples from 18 to 30cm depth. Methane production
in the first crop season was 18.0, 54.3 and 49.4mgcm–3 for 6tha–1 straw application for Linkou, Tzawchyau and Jiaushi soils, respectively. The value was 33.4mgcm–3 for the second crop season in Jiaushi soil. Methane emission was high during the flowering and maturity stages in the first
crop season and the values were high during the tillering and flowering stages in the second crop season. Methane emission
was high in Tzawchyau and Jiaushi soils in the first crop season. Methane emission rate reached a maximum from 12 noon to
3p.m. due to high temperature and a minimum at 3 to 6a.m. in both planted and unplanted soils.
Received: 17 September 1996 相似文献
988.
Background, Aim and Scope
Contamination of soils does not only occur on their surface over large areas, but also in depth. Therefore a characterization
of soil state after pollution demands a three-dimensional soil sampling, by what a large number of samples has to be analyzed.
Analytical results could be evaluated by multivariate statistical methods, which have already been used for the evaluation
of data sets containing results from soil sampling of two dimensions like areas or single profiles. In this case study, multivariate
statistical methods were applied to investigate structure and interactions between features in a data set containing results
of three-dimensional soil sampling. The investigated soil profiles were contaminated by emissions of a former cement and phosphate
fertilizer plant. The aim of this study was to determine the remaining extent of contamination and to analyze whether pollutants
are mobilized and vertically transported within the profiles.
Materials and Methods:
Three soil profiles were sampled in the surroundings of the plant. Grain size, organic and carbonatic bonded carbon, pH value,
and the total contents of Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, F, Fe, K, Mn, Mg, Na, Ni, P, Pb, and Zn were determined. The resulting data set
was evaluated by cluster analysis, linear discriminant analysis, and principal components analysis. The sequential extraction
procedure according to Zeien and Brümmer was applied to analyze the binding properties of Ca, Cd, Cu, Na, Pb, and Zn from
selected samples.
Results:
Cd was identified as contaminant of the top soils. The pH values of the bottom soils were determined to be in alkaline range,
which is unnaturally high. Variables were clustered according to enrichment of variables in top soils. The samples were classified
regarding their pollution state and their substrate by cluster analysis, which was confirmed by linear discriminant analysis.
Geogenic and anthropogenic sources of variables as well as relationships between variables like the binding of heavy metals
at organic matter were detected by using principal components analysis. The binding of heavy metals at organic matter in the
top soils was confirmed by the results of the applied sequential extraction. A vertically altered distribution of Na binding
was determined.
Discussion:
According to the current soil conditions, the uptake of heavy metals had probably occurred by the over ground part of plants
during the deposition. The distribution of Na should likely result from the vertical transport of Na, which would also explain
the high pH values of the bottom soils by ion exchange. Altogether, the main amount of deposited Ca, F, Na, P, and heavy metals
is likely nearly insoluble bound in the top soils.
Conclusions:
Ten years after the end of production, the pollution of top soils in the surroundings of the former plant is still high. However,
regarding the ecotoxicological relevance the now explored interactions between several soil features and elements strongly
indicate that there is no short-term to medium-term risk of a mobilization of the deposited elements with the exception of
Na.
Recommendations and Perspectives:
The results of this case study prove that multivariate statistical methods are powerful tools to explore interactions of variables
and relationships in a data set derived from three dimensional soil sampling. The methods applied in this work can be highly
recommended for evaluations of large data sets resulting from two- or three-dimensional samplings. Multivariate statistical
methods enable the characterization of soils and their pollution state in a simple and economic way. 相似文献
989.
A long-term field experiment was conducted to examine the influence of mineral fertilizer and organic manure on the equilibrium dynamics of soil organic C in an intensively cultivated fluvo-aquic soil in the Fengqiu State Key Agro-Ecological Experimental Station (Fengqiu county, Henan province, China) since September 1989. Soil CO2 flux was measured during the maize and wheat growing seasons in 2002-2003 and 2004 to evaluate the response of soil respiration to additions and/or alterations in mineral fertilizer, organic manure and various environmental factors. The study included seven treatments: organic manure (OM), half-organic manure plus half-fertilizer N (NOM), fertilizer NPK (NPK), fertilizer NP (NP), fertilizer NK (NK), fertilizer PK (PK) and control (CK). Organic C in soil and the soil heavy fraction (organo-mineral complex) was increased from 4.47 to 8.61 mg C g−1 and from 3.32 to 5.68 mg C g−1, respectively, after the 13 yr application of organic manure. In contrast, organic C and the soil heavy fraction increased in NPK soil to only 5.41 and 4.38 mg C g−1, respectively. In the CK treatment, these parameters actually decreased from the initial C concentrations (4.47 and 3.32 mg C g−1) to 3.77 and 3.11 mg C g−1, respectively. Therefore, organic manure efficiently elevated soil organic C. However, only 66% of the increased soil organic C was combined with clay minerals in the OM treatment. Cumulative soil CO2 emissions from inter-row soil in the OM and NPK treatments were 228 and 188 g C m−2 during the 2002 maize growing season, 132 and 123 g C m−2 during the 2002/2003 wheat growing season, and 401 and 346 g C m−2 yr−1 in 2002-2003, respectively. However, during the 2004 maize growing season, cumulative soil CO2 emissions were as high as 617 and 556 g C m−2, respectively, due to the contribution of rhizosphere respiration. The addition of organic manure contributed to a 16% increase in soil CO2 emission in 2002-2003 (compared to NPK), where only 27%, 36% and 24% of applied organic C was released as CO2 during the 2002 and 2004 maize growing seasons and in 2002-2003, respectively. During the 2002/2003 wheat growing season, soil CO2 flux was significantly affected by soil temperature below 20 °C, but by soil moisture (WFPS) during the 2004 maize growing season at soil temperatures above 18 °C. Optimum soil WFPS for soil CO2 flux was approximately 70%. When WFPS was below 50%, it no longer had a significant impact on soil CO2 flux during the 2002 maize growing season. This study indicates the application of organic manure composted with wheat straw may be a preferred strategy for increasing soil organic C and sequestering C in soil. 相似文献
990.
A laboratory investigation was performed to compare the fluxes of dinitrogen (N2), N2O and carbon dioxide (CO2) from no-till (NT) and conventional till (CT) soils under the same water, mineral nitrogen and temperature status. Intact soil cores (0-10 cm) were incubated for 2 weeks at 25 °C at either 75% or 60% water-filled pore space (WFPS) with 15N-labeled fertilizers (100 mg N kg−1 soil). Gas and soil samples were collected at 1-4 day intervals during the incubation period. The N2O and CO2 fluxes were measured by a gas chromatography (GC) system while total N2 and N2O losses and their 15N mole fractions in the soil mineral N pool were determined by a mass spectrometer. The daily accumulative fluxes of N2 and N2O were significantly affected by tillage, N source and soil moisture. We observed higher (P<0.05) fluxes of N2+N2O, N2O and CO2 from the NT soils than from the CT soils. Compared with the addition of nitrate (NO3−), the addition of ammonium (NH4+) enhanced the emissions of these N and C gases in the CT and NT soils, but the effect of NH4+ on the N2 and/or N2O fluxes was evident only at 60% WFPS, indicating that nitrification and subsequent denitrification contributed largely to the gaseous N losses and N2O emission under the lower moisture condition. Total and fertilizer-induced emissions of N2 and/or N2O were higher (P<0.05) at 75% WFPS than with 60% WFPS, while CO2 fluxes were not influenced by the two moisture levels. These laboratory results indicate that there is greater potential for N2O loss from NT soils than CT soils. Avoiding wet soil conditions (>60% WFPS) and applying a NO3− form of N fertilizer would reduce potential N2O emissions from arable soils. 相似文献